Hanyu Hai China's socialist tradition and contemporary issues related to (b)

 Han Yuhai: Contemporary China's socialist tradition and related issues (b)
in writing worldwide free trade and world markets, will give the world the benefits and the interests of equality that, aware of the pessimistic attitude on this point, he did not even Marx was less optimistic. Why? because it is precisely Smith see: only with each other before the European powers to follow market principles, and other parts of the world are resorting to force and national plunder. on the history of capitalism has the most comprehensive study of the Fernand Braudel also clearly pointed out, capitalism in the treatment of the proletariat and the oppressed nations, when used, has always been a means of state violence, rather than a means of market exchange, he is in this sense that capitalism is , in support of Mao's China, the world's poorest countries Vietnam, also home to the U.S. to fight back. in the United States withdraw from Vietnam soon, a Western economist in commemoration of aware of a new era, he said: It is Mao's path of armed revolution for national liberation and against the 300 years of military arrogance of capitalism, forcing the first time they seriously consider giving up predatory mode of force, use of market the potentials and to establish the significance of the world market. economists recognize this outstanding: market equality, first of all rooted in equality will be able to quell those kinds of autocratic countries, so that they can not unjust, which shows respect for the rights. and a little reasonable international economic order , a satellite launched in 1970, 1971, President Nyerere of Tanzania, the United Nations back in the day that China put on rises in the east .1972 years. the United States finally to the east from the Pacific end of the extended hand of peace, mm reversed world order, a company of the year Smith also can not imagine the arrival of a new era of with the 1972 is a great turning point in the world: China and embarked on a comprehensive open to the world.
If you do not understand the the basic unit of movement, do not understand it because there is no such creation, in this century is how the Chinese economic expansion in the weak and poor, without an understanding of Mao Zedong in which the Why does modern reform movement in China since the goal is a strong country. I am afraid more difficult to understand: the long-term exposure such as Mao Zedong and the lower social movement leaders in the revolutionary movement of people, and sometimes had to tend to from the perspective of ;, you have do not understand this country is through the it is precisely through the various public, against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism revolution), and if so, we will never understand the Chinese state discourse and state practice, why do contain words such as ; order and resistance br> One of the important achievements of socialism in China is a powerful revolutionary state. socialist revolution in China, is the great legacy of the Mao era. And to understand Mao's function, social protection and social revolution function, to understand as where the role and status of the State. Since the modern state system exists in the capitalist hegemony, the so each country have similar types of exercise of power side, Mao's China is no exception. in the power hierarchy, the so-called strong and external, that is, relative to competing countries, it means the territory of constantly accumulating in their ability to accumulate capital, including the ability to restrict the enemy's military capability to protect the domestic market and the weak capacity of new industries, their labor and the constraints undermine the competitive advantage of these countries the ability of cheap labor and so on. This country is certainly not a simple believe in other producers of similar products produced more economically competitive, the free trade is consistent with its requirements, Mao Zedong's national economic policy is to increase the country's borders by a few powerful persons the maximum cost of transaction, the purpose is to make the international relations and trade more balanced, and from this point of view, a fundamental solution of Mao Zedong in the Chinese history from the late Qing has been a wide variety of power problems. (Note IX)
second, that is, between the state and the people, the people must be living in the dominant position of the problem. this complex relationship in: Mao Zedong (especially old age) tenaciously and stubbornly insist on maintaining the legitimacy of the mass movement, the country's political revolution and modern features culture the vast space.
according to the modern nation-state theory, the modern state is not only a Mao Zedong Thought, the contents of those was the most controversial questions to us: the relationship between the state and the people in the case, who is the subject? beyond the people on the violence in the country, the people and the people's revolutionary violence is legitimate? or incomplete if the State is not the subject of modern history, if Mao's China can not be simply equated with the European sense of the modern nation-state, or the former Soviet countries , then Mao's ? What is the difference? (Note Ten)
Mao Zedong in China and the world left a great, rich and complex heritage, but also for his behind in the reform created a practical and ideological terms. of Mao's China and words, if the production capacity from the national point of view, it is difficult to arrive at a drawn on the consumption structure, since the Mao era, the consumption structure of the capitalist system than reasonable. (Note k) In fact, only during the Mao era in China prepare for the next sizeable public resources and goods from, the importance of personal interests and the reform of market exchange to take place. We must not be avoided mentioning this.
years from 1976-1984, the successor to Mao Zedong in the direction along the one hand, continue to increase in the rural country of seeds, fertilizers and other basic production data inputs, substantial increase in food prices, on the other hand, decisive for the management of rural production has made bold reforms, the use of market management. It is through the strengthening of rural infrastructure and reform the irrational management of the two aspects that led to the take-off of agriculture in China, which Mao Zedong's socialist development.
first of these reforms, including management reforms: the dissolution of communes in rural areas is the management system, restoration of basic unit, the appropriate use and encourage desires, respect for the small producers in China Strong management of the family tradition. However, all this can not replace one of the most crucial factor: the original National Socialist factors. rural reform is the essence of not only desires to encourage farmers to use and give the the end of the Sino-US relations with Mao Zedong to open the door, the country thirty sets of large chemical fertilizer production, food production is the key short-term growth, but 60 years since the beginning of the use of hybrid rice technology and other varieties, it constitutes a long-term basis for food production take-off . By 1976, China finally realized the vision of Mao Zedong: Full grain per mu, more reasonable and equitable relationship. It was this series of national privatization, does not mean return to traditional farming methods, but does not mean abolition of public ownership of social relations, especially, it really is to strengthen, rather than the collapse of public resources in rural areas targeted. This is reflected in: National control of land is not in circulation and acquisitions, through the establishment of local townships and village reserve of public funds, support of public administration and public finance, including the five guarantees to help vulnerable groups such as the development of rural education, and to achieve reunification by the combination of the interests of the adjustment. it all to the Agriculture bring development, but also to bring stability in rural areas. (Note Twelve)
success of rural reform process is a complex series of consolidated results, but together, not so much by the efficiency, but rather that after nearly 30 years of development and accumulation, China is facing the management of social production and social resources to adjust the allocation of new issues. conform to the contemporary issues of reform, the core is the management reform and distribution of the reform, it must be resolved, in fact, the so-called Mao Zedong: management too dead, put too much, leaving too little of the macroeconomic imbalances. Therefore, the fundamental achievements of the reform, so much the development of a agriculture and rural economy development.
1976-1884 years of reform has achieved remarkable success of the reason lies in the socialist countries, social protection and social justice assigned a strong role in the functioning of the state during the basic aspects of the redistribution of economic power adhere to the principles of social justice, and the achievement of justice, but also depends on the state strong regulatory capacity and a relatively strong financial strength, in turn, mm, whether people are willing to admit that all of Mao Zedong in large part it is high accumulation of the times, color, reflected in its distinctive social control, mobilization and social welfare function, it was Mao Zedong and other Chinese socialists Chinese design features for the new one is long and the Chinese revolution, construction and reform to give the ; a distinct role and function.
other words, a country can achieve macroeconomic balance and coordination, one is to see if it has the ability, and the second is to see if it has this desire. and 1980 early precisely this combination of socialist China. In other words: in the 1980s the political stability and economic growth, the actual build on the strong state control over society as a whole above, however, this control capability can not be reduced to simple to implement strong control by the state, when the leader of a reform of definitely the right idea. This is because the elimination of the three differences of the Chinese revolution to achieve social equality is the goal of socialist legality of China's political functions and to ensure the early .1980 reform is not merely the result of economic development and a general increase in personal income, but positive interaction between all levels of society in general benefit from the state to mobilize the enthusiasm of the whole society, and efforts to these known as the a period of irrational state management reform efforts to promote economic and political reform, promote reform and the ideology of intellectuals and social base (especially the peasantry) directly feel the benefits of reform, these three aspects of the interaction reform of 1980, as more important stage, the stage of achievements, is still with the maintenance and extension of social protection as part of the conditions, in particular: to reform the various forms of unreasonable monopoly relations and relations of production as the goal, to adhere to the conditions and the expansion of socialist democracy. But, no denying that this period is removal program, the masses of the people are the masters of the subject of special class interests and to maintain the reality explicit relationship between the various monopolies and relations of production as the main demands of the final forming of a the Chinese economy into a modern commercial economy in the process, making the scale of economic development is much greater than in the past, much more complex, therefore, need to continuously explore new things, solve new problems.
in the process of modern commodity economy exchange activity status gradually improved. The areas of China in the market and the exchange of problems mainly in two aspects: First, although from rural to urban, and grass-roots in the social life and there are a large number of market traders, shop and daily exchange activities, but these activities have not been active encouragement and support. Second, the upper area of the exchange, although the National Bank has been carrying out programs of credit and investment, countries have been engaged in considerable national and international scale trade activities, such as the Canton Fair and other large trading activities have been held, but simply state the way programs and administrative directives, also had management problems hampered the development of the market. Therefore, the expansion and development objectives of the socialist commodity economy are two aspects: One: As rural reform era, to encourage the exchange of primary fields, the development of markets, shops and daily exchange activities. Second, from the strict and effective point of view, to strengthen the exchange of the upper areas of management, banks and domestic and international trade management reform. In short, the core of the reform is: How in the production / exchange between the establishment of a vibrant economy and more balanced.
However, the School its the reform of the upper management of the exchange field goal, but rather to quickly create a III). is to encourage be in the assessment and then to the National Bank sets its mortgage against the huge amounts of money. Here, the state not to be deceived, that is, made a ridiculous mistake. States have forgotten their own land ownership, banks and their capital is the people, and state-owned land be mortgaged to the bank, the bank's money is paid to a private m developers. a so-called the balance of production and exchange, is one such guide to its opposite: the formation of the harmful economic and social equilibrium, ; class businessmen and entrepreneurs to establish dominant position ; contract ; second land reform ; rapid completion of the process of primitive accumulation of capital in China. This is unprecedented in the history of socialism for decades great changes, a large accumulation. Second, the process is complete and requires the State, together, but also to the rapid shrinkage of state tax revenue, the state regulatory capacity of the rapid decline in the price. Third, the big change, a large accumulation in the absence of democratic supervision, and legal guarantees of the rapid completion of the case. Conservative called for the rationalization of the national system of excluding people based on the premise of the way social movements, according to this design, political activities have been gradually understood as to abandon the social mobilization, social protection and social organization (which was once an important state function), but simply as a This trend to ; the changes in order to the country's basic constraints, as the Ever since, what is the essence of reform issues, was officially put forward. In other words, the market economy and modernization of what makes some people actually benefit, which damaged some of the people of Marxist and Maoist such a question has been put forward. And since 1984, and around the market-oriented Group's interest, then, price reform can not get their support, it can not be successful. This is actually not an alarmist. Facts have proved only partially and only they can see the real underlying causes of social crisis in 1989. (Note Ten d) mm, of course, they are from the perspective of safeguarding vested interests, from the perspective of the far right to see. And the most amazing is, when the Chinese intellectuals, almost no one even raised: whether the price reform the interests of ordinary people in China what it means, and no one ever made: how to safeguard the interests of ordinary people, the masses of the people to fight to the correct path of market reforms to prevent the reform of the public towards the fundamental interests of the people is not conducive to the direction of tilt of the appeal . The results, separated from the analysis of specific social interests of the abstract price reform, subjected to threats and temptations from the vested interests, but also has not been broad public support, but the rebound caused by the general public, in 1989 finally led to serious social crisis.
1989 social crisis is a profound lesson. For the root of this crisis, reflection, allows us to return to the teachings of Marx, that is: the reality of economic activity can not but be a system arrangement, specific economic activities inevitably require specific social relations and institutional arrangements to ensure, therefore, the shift will be the next target of reform is defined as price regulation, interests of the bourgeoisie have not been liquidated because they the inevitable law, is a so-called kinds of economics: you are Chinese, the people of the economics, or economics of monopoly capital? such a challenge, but once again asked us to return to a realistic understanding of the relations of production: economics, as the reality of the relationship between production activities described It must include economic activities and institutional arrangements in these two areas, as economic activity is within the complex social relations, we can not make an abstract idea of market activity to institutional arrangements social reasons.
Similarly, it is precisely because the social relations of production, including at least economic activities and institutional arrangements for the two aspects of this interaction, simple resort to democratization, must include the institutional arrangements of economic activities and the democratization of the democratization of state functions, in this sense, the so-called democracy is always relative to the modern countries, that it is not required to cancel the state, but for the expansion of the country democratic functions. This is because: Economic activity is always embedded in its social conditions, as from the social relations and economic conditions of the form of autonomous operation in fact does not exist, so that even the demand for economic freedom, can not be simply understood as the political system and get rid of the structure of other cultures, but how to reform, restrict, expand the system to create free competition and fair exchange conditions. even for the free market, not the same as the general objection to state intervention, It should be further understood as a protector against the state become a monopoly, and through social mobilization of the country's democratic struggle to function, make countries through price regulation and other factors to protect the real competition in the market, most people's fundamental interests. And it is is not seen and clearly the use of this country before the price reforms in 1989, lost their alliance with the masses of the people the opportunity to avoid the loss of the social costs to maximize the opportunity to make the new authority of the elements and elements of neo-liberalism has the opportunity, leading to a serious social crisis, making the socialist cause suffered a great loss.
This is why, said: democracy is the country's democracy is the absolute abolition of the State and therefore there is no democracy (Lenin ). However, since the mid-80s, when the The simple fact is canceled, forget the state has a different, the fact that various functions. The results, in the abstract negation of the process of the country, was abandoned, had been rejected, but in fact some features of the country, particularly its social security function and the democratic function, at the same time, the state's economic functions and features are unprecedented in the market strengthened. It is this criticism of the abstract state to fool the public to cover up the new liberals of specific anti-people objectives, the collapse of the country's social protection and including and the vague description, but we have to do it, is to this highly ambiguous and abstract into the concrete social relations critical to observe, fully aware of the most conservative aspect of this trend can be generated major social background and practical conditions. Since encourage Therefore, this part of the force should not be regarded as purely economic benefit the whole social relations and a genuine democratization of the relations of production.
privileged interest groups to form a target of the the economic and between national and local imbalance between. It is not only committed to the production / exchange equilibrium toward the opposite direction of reform, but also will focus on central / local balance of macroeconomic reforms toward opposite. It is not only from the extreme right side of the reconstruction of reality, and disintegration of the system, but also to China from this side to be re-invented modern history. Therefore, since the late Qing a serious imbalance of power between the reality with together. This not a revolution and people's democratic state, but entrenched in the southeast coast of the handful of Yuan.
how should we evaluate this anti-historical narrative it? from the late Qing Dynasty, a direction of reform. The goal is to hand power to means. It is this ...